Our aim here is to offer a new mechanism based on a reversed thermodynamical behaviour of antimatter introduced in our earlier paper Etesi ( 2021).Īlready in 1939 von Weizsäcker noted that the obvious but subjective difference between the past and future in our temporal experiences gains an objective substantiation by understanding the very content of the second law of thermodymanics von Weizsäcker ( 1939). In this paper a particular late-time phase transition, namely the photon recombination time around 380.000 years after the Big Bang is examined from the point of view of massive primordial black hole formation. The general pattern is that the later the black hole formation occurs the higher the achieved black hole mass is Carr and Hawking ( 1974). Carr and Kühnel ( 2020) and in particular Asaka et al. Sudden and violent primordial black hole formations during the course of the evolution of the Universe are usually associated with phase transitions of all kinds, cf. It is not unreasonable that even our outer Solar System harbours a small black hole Scholtz and Unwin ( 2020). ![]() While the masses and sizes of elementary particles are indeed very small and are sharply restricted by yet unknown quantization rules such that the formers are below \(m_M_\odot\) spectrum in the hypermassive range, cf. However this straightforward division into a linear and monotonic scheme extending from the “smallest” (which is something like an atomic thing) towards the “largest” (which is something like a very different celestial thing) is too narrow. Approaching this way despite the endless possibilities one discovers two limits for matter formation: the lower universal limit is realized by an elementary particle (more precisely a relativistic quantum field) while the upper one is attained by a black hole then one quickly arrives at the standard traditional and apparently disconnected territories of relativistic quantum field theory and the theory of gravity (general relativity). At first sight a simple quantitative comprehension is achieved by understanding how much amount of matter a given fixed spatial region can accommodate. Phenomena of the physical world, as immediately given to us, appear in inexhaustable structures and formations of matter. Last but not least the observed current asymmetry of matter and antimatter, even if their presence in the Universe was symmetric in the beginning, acquires a natural explanation, too. The third prediction is that these sort of primordial black holes constitute at least \(20\%\) of dark matter. ![]() The second is that the mass of black holes arising from this mechanism is at least \(10^5\)- \(10^6M_\odot\) hence they contribute to the super- or hypermassive end of the primordial black hole mass spectrum. The first is that the photon-baryon ratio is roughly computable and is equal to \(3.03\times 10^9\) which is quite close to its experimentally confirmed value. This model has several testable predictions. A peculiarity of this process is that, compared to their material counterparts, the collapse of large antimatter systems takes much less time due to the reversed thermodynamics of antimatter, an idea which has been proposed in our earlier paper Etesi (2021). free of fine-tuning, etc.) new mechanism for primordial black hole formation based on the collapse of large antimatter systems in the early Universe is introduced.
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